Atherosclerosis remains a primary driver of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Growing evidence suggests that exosomes—play a critical role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, influencing key processes such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and vascular calcification.
Stem cell-derived exosomes have gained attention for their potential therapeutic applications in atherosclerosis management. Their ability to regulate pathophysiologic pathways, including macrophage polarization and endothelial dysfunction, positions them as a candidate for targeted therapies. This review outlines the biogenesis, secretion, and isolation of exosomes, emphasizing their role in modulating vascular health.
One area of interest is the design engineering of exosomes to enhance their therapeutic efficacy. Strategies such as drug loading and surface modification with targeting ligands have been explored to improve their ability to deliver therapeutic agents directly to atherosclerotic plaques. These modifications aim to enhance bioavailability and minimize off-target effects, potentially offering a more precise intervention compared to traditional systemic therapies.
The review also discusses exosomes’ mechanisms of action in atherosclerosis treatment, including their ability to reduce dyslipidemia, mitigate endothelial dysfunction, and influence vascular remodeling processes.
Stem cell-derived exosomes could offer a compelling approach for future atherosclerosis treatment, potentially transforming the landscape of cardiovascular medicine.
