Atherosclerosis, a major contributor to cardiovascular disease, is driven by dysregulated lipid metabolism and arterial plaque formation. While conventional treatments target symptom management and risk reduction, emerging research suggests that stem cell-derived exosomes may offer a novel therapeutic approach.
Exosomes are influencing key processes such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and vascular senescence. Their role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis has been increasingly recognized, leading to interest in their potential therapeutic applications. This study explores how exosomes derived from stem cells may be engineered for targeted drug delivery and atheroprotective effects.
The study outlines key mechanisms through which stem cell-derived exosomes may contribute to atherosclerosis treatment:
- Endothelial Dysfunction: Exosomes have been shown to support endothelial repair and reduce vascular inflammation, potentially improving arterial health.
- Dyslipidemia Reduction: Some exosomal cargoes influence lipid metabolism, which may help regulate cholesterol levels and slow plaque progression.
- Macrophage Polarization: Exosomes can modulate immune responses by shifting macrophages toward anti-inflammatory phenotypes, reducing plaque instability.
- Vascular Calcification and Angiogenesis: Exosome-mediated signaling may help regulate calcification processes in arteries and promote healthy blood vessel formation.
Additionally, exosome engineering techniques—including drug loading and surface modification with targeting ligands—are being explored to enhance their therapeutic efficacy. These modifications may improve the precision of exosome-based treatments, allowing for targeted delivery to diseased vascular sites.
